Sistem Pengurusan Penilaian Berasaskan Sekolah

 

Sekarang dah kena ajar Pendidian Moral ting 1 pula. Tak pasal-pasal kena buat PBS. bila difikir2, mcm tak berkesan sangat PBS ni. bukan nak pertikaikan apa yang telah ditentukan pihak atasan, tapi bila dilaksanakan, terutamanya kelas2 hujung, mereka nak dapat Band 1 pun tak layak sebenarnya. soalan mudah tak faham, tak boleh nak menulis, mcm2 lagi la... pening. kertas pun banyak membazir. tapi pihak sekolah minta jugak dimasukkan band dalam sistem. nak tak nak terpaksa bagi jawapan dan budak2 just salin je. adakah ini akan meningkatkan lagi tahap intelektual pelajar2 ini. bagi guru-guru yang ajar kelas2 hujung mungkin ada jawapannya. Apa2 pun, kerja mesti diteruskan, layan aje la......

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WEB-BASED APPLICATIONS

Technological advancements in large database development and high speed digital transmission networks will result in global information systems.

These developments will influence how people interact with information. Through the Internet, a user can get fast responses and have two-way

communication using video conferencing and e-mail.

By using the global information systems, people from all over the world can be equipped with knowledge in many areas.

GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Web-based applications are delivered to users from a Web server over the Internet.
• Web-based applications store information in a database system such as Microsoft SQL Server or Oracle.

GLOBAL RESOURCE CENTRE

• Global Resource Center is a Web-based information system used in developing human resources for health.
• Global Resource Center offers a global library of human resources for health,
• focusing on developing countries.
• For example, healthcare personnel can store their individual details in this database. This database can be accessed by a country that needs the healthcare support.
• The healthcare personnel can then be contacted via this Web-based database and called to the service.
• By using this system, countries with health needs can be met. This resources center is managed by Capacity Project and USAID-funded global project.

GLOBAL DISASTER ALERT AND COORDINATION SYSTEM

• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System is a Web-based disaster information management system.
• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System stores disaster events in the database.
• The data is automatically analysed to determine the help needed by the affected country.
• For example, from the Current Disaster Events column, you can be informed of the flood that happened in China.
• This alerts people of the surrounding regions to evacuate and move to safer places.
• People living in Vietnam and Laos will take necessary precautions when floods happen in China.
• By using this system, it helps to coordinate the international responses during the disaster.
• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System is a joint initiative of the United Nations and European Commission.

GLOBAL DATA MONITORING INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Global Data Monitoring Information System is a Web-based information system that collects data worldwide to sustain social and economic progress in all countries.
• Global Data Monitoring Information System is to help countries overcome problems of poverty, health and education.
• For example, data collected on HIV statistics is analysed and it was found that millions of death were caused by AIDS.
• By using this system, medical assistance can be promptly given to those countries affected.
• It is an effort by Millennium Development Goals under the World Bank group.

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PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

The system development phase is a series of steps used to develop a database program.

These phases describe the processes that system developers carry out in order to develop a database program.

OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PHASES

Analysis Phase

During the Analysis Phase, system developers will perform problem analysis by finding out the needs of target users.System developers also identify the input, process and output for the new system.

• The Analysis Phase is the first phase of system development.
• In this phase, the system developers would need to define problems faced by target users.
• The target users will indicate their requirements. They need to give a description of what a system must do and the main functions of the system.
• By doing this, the system developers can define the purpose of the system. It would help system developers set the focus of the system.

Design Phase

The Design Phase is the second phase in system development. It refers to the planning of the system design

Based on the needs of target users, the system developers will design an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). This phase is known as the Design Phase.

Implementation Phase

The Implementation Phase is the third phase of system development.

In the Implementation Phase, the system developers will convert the technical plan and design plan into a computer program.

Implementation Phase is the phase where system developers create database using database software.

Testing Phase

The system will be tested by the target users in the Testing Phase.If there is any error detected, the system developers will fix the error. 

• Testing Phase is the fourth phase of system development. It involves the system developer and user in the Testing Phase.
• To ensure the quality of a database, the system developers act as quality controllers and will run tests on it.
• The purpose of system testing is to ensure the system runs correctly and is error free.

Documentation Phase

System developers will produce the documents for the program during the Documentation Phase.

Documentation refers to the written materials generated throughout phases of system development.

User Manual

 The User Manual helps the user to use the system.

User Manuals are written in simple language rather than technical language.

The User Manual should cover how to run the system, how to enter data, how to modify data and how to save and print reports.

The User Manual should include ways to overcome errors.

Technical Documentation

Technical Documentation is used by system developers as a reference.

Technical Documentation is useful for system improvement.

In Documentation Phase, User Manual and Technical Documentation are found in a folio. 

You need to gather all the documents from the system development phases into a folio.

You can compile your Technical Documentation in the form of a hard copy.

Documentation can also be gathered in a soft copy.

All documentation must be ready by the end the system development. The system developers should ensure that all documentation is complete and accurate.

Maintenance Phase

The system developers continue to provide support during the Maintenance Phase. They monitor the system performance and make changes when needed.

Documentation is very important when the system requires changes in the future. Documentation tells new system developers what was done in the program.

It helps to reduce the amount of time a new system developer spends learning about existing programs.

A number of documents are produced during the development of a new computer application

• The Maintenance Phase is the last phase in system development.
• Maintenance refers to the changes in the system by fixing or enhancing its
• functionality.
• System developers are involved in the Maintenance Phase.
• System maintenance involves checking, changing and enhancing to improve its performance.
• All systems need to be maintained to take care of new requirements that were not discovered previously.

CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Corrective Maintenance is changing maintenance carried out to repair an error in system design.
• This maintenance is used when errors are detected and need to be rectified.
• For example, in the School Resource System, you need to add the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) field.

PERFECTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Perfective Maintenance is a system maintenance performed to improve a
• computer program.
• Perfective Maintenance is done when the users require changes in the interfaces.
• For example, in the School Resource System, you can modify the layout of the Book Form by changing the font colour, type, size and adding "Book Form" title.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Preventive Maintenance is a maintenance aimed at the prevention of future breakdowns and failures.
• This maintenance is carried out  when there is a possibility or risk of failure while operating.
• For example, in the School Resource System, you want to assign a password
• before a user accesses the database.
• Some users may only be allowed to view data in a particular Table.
• Some may only be allowed to add records to a Table while others may be given the right to view and modify information.
• The use of passwords thus helps to prevent unauthorised access to confidential information.
• Preventive Maintenance needs to be done to avoid possible future problems.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• System Development Phases
  
• Web Based Application

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DATA MANIPULATION

Data manipulation refers to the operations of accessing, locating, organising, modifying and managing data contained in the database.

Basic operations of data manipulation :

1. Update
2. Insert
3. Delete
4. Retrieve
5. Sort
6. Filter
7. Search

UPDATING RECORDS

The Update operation is used for changing data in a database Table.

INSERTING RECORDS

The Insert operation is used for adding records to a database Table.

DELETING RECORDS

The Delete operation is used for removing records from a database Table.

RETRIEVING RECORDS

The Retrieve operation is used for retrieving records from a database Table.

SORTING RECORDS

The Sort operation is used for sorting records in a records in a database Table.

FILTERING RECORDS

The Filter operation is used for filtering records from a database table.

Instead of displaying all the records in a Table, you can use a filter to display only those records that you want to see or edit.

SEARCHING RECORDS

The Search operation is used for finding record from a database table.

You can use the Find function in Microsoft Access to search for the records. You can use the “Find” feature to locate one or more records to find specific data.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Database and DBMS
  
• Relationship Between Field And Record
  
• Primary And Foreign Key
  
• Relationship Between Primary and Foreign Key
  
• Database Object - Query
• Database Object - Form
• Database Object - Report
• Data Manipulation
  

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DATABASE OBJECT-REPORT

A Report summarises information from the database.

A Report is a database object that presents selected information from Tables or Queries, for printing purposes.

When designing a Report, consider the point you are making, the audience and the level of information they needed.

Reports can be created based on the Table or Query.

You can create new Queries using one of the methods.

• Create report in Design View.
• Create report by using wizard.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Database and DBMS
  
• Relationship Between Field And Record
  
• Primary And Foreign Key
  
• Relationship Between Primary and Foreign Key
  
• Database Object - Query
• Database Object - Form
• Database Object - Report
• Data Manipulation
  

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DATABASE OBJECT-FORM

A Form is a database object that allows users to add, modify and view information.

Form can be created based on the Table or Query.

 

A Form is an organised and formatted view of selected fields from selected Tables or Queries.

By using Table, you need to scroll down to fill in the new data. This data entry process will take time.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Database and DBMS
  
• Relationship Between Field And Record
  
• Primary And Foreign Key
  
• Relationship Between Primary and Foreign Key
  
• Database Object - Query
• Database Object - Form
• Database Object - Report
• Data Manipulation
  

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DATABASE OBJECTS : QUERY

DEFINE THE QUERY

A Query is database object that retrieves specific information from a database.

For example, you can retrieve a student’s name and address from the database.

With Access Queries, you can do the following :

• View specific data from Table.
• Perform calculations on selected records.
• Delete record from a table.

 

You can create new Queries using one of the methods.

• Create query in Design View.
• Create query by using wizard.

CREATING A RELATIONSHIP

You need to create the relationship between Tables before you can create Queries.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Database and DBMS
  
• Relationship Between Field And Record
  
• Primary And Foreign Key
  
• Relationship Between Primary and Foreign Key
  
• Database Object - Query
• Database Object - Form
• Database Object - Report
• Data Manipulation
  

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO TABLES

Connections between fields of related tables having common values are called relationships.

A relationship works by matching data in key fields, usually a field with the same name in both tables.

These matching fields are the primary key from one table and a foreign key in the other table.

IMPORTANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY

The primary key of one table becomes a foreign key of the other table.

By matching a foreign key with a primary key, the data does not need to be entered repeatedly.

A primary key makes creating Queries, Forms and Reports easier.

A primary key improves data performance by relating smaller tables into meaningful databases.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Database and DBMS
  
• Relationship Between Field And Record
  
• Primary And Foreign Key
  
• Relationship Between Primary and Foreign Key
  
• Database Object - Query
• Database Object - Form
• Database Object - Report
• Data Manipulation
  

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PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY

DEFINE THE PRIMARY KEY

A primary key is the field that uniquely represents each record in a table. These keys must not have null values. Meaning, you must not leave these

keys blank.Each table in the database must have at least one primary key.

There is also another name for a primary key: the unique identifier.

In the student table, student name might not be a good primary key. For example there are two Sulaiman bin Yahya in this school.

DEFINE FOREIGN KEY

A foreign key is the field that matches the primary key in another table. It contains the same data as those of the primary key in the other table.

Foreign key fields are linked to fields in other tables. While a primary key must have unique values, a foreign key may have duplicate values.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRIMARY KEY

A primary key ensures data integrity by uniquely identifying each record.

It helps to avoid duplicating records.

It prevents null values being entered in the unique field.

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY

A foreign key links to a primary key in another table.

While primary keys must have unique values, foreign keys may have duplicate values. These are the differences between the primary key and foreign key.

__________________________________________________________________________________
 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Database and DBMS
  
• Relationship Between Field And Record
  
• Primary And Foreign Key
  
• Relationship Between Primary and Foreign Key
  
• Database Object - Query
• Database Object - Form
• Database Object - Report
• Data Manipulation
  

Read More