Perayaan Hari Guru Peringkat Kebangsaan 2012

 

 KUALA KANGSAR, PERAK | 16 MEI 2012

Tarikh 16 Mei dipilih sebagai Hari Guru kerana pada haribulan yang sama dalam tahun 1956 Majlis Undang-Undang Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (Federal Legislative Council) telah menerima cadangan-cadangan Laporan Jawatankuasa Pelajaran (Report of the Education Committee) sebagai dasar pelajaran bagi negara kita.

Dokumen tersebut yang dikenali sebagai Laporan Razak (Razak Report) telah menjadi Dasar Pelajaran Kebangsaan semenjak itu.


OBJEKTIF HARI GURU MALAYSIA

• Menitikberatkan peranan guru dalam pembinaan kebangsaan (termasuk perpaduan dan integrasi),
  pembangunan negara dan perkhidmatan kepada masyarakat.
• Menarik perhatian ibubapa, murid dan orang ramai kepada peranan penting kaum guru dalam
  masyarakat Malaysia.
• Memupuk perasaan perpaduan ikhtisas dan muhibah di antara guru.
• Meninggikan martabat dan taraf guru dalam masyarakat.
• Memberi peluang untuk memajukan kecekapan guru melalui seminar-seminar, persidangan
  -persidangan, dan sebagainya yang diadakan pada Hari Guru.
• Menilai secara objektif peranan guru dengan berlatarbelakangkan Malaysia dan mengambil
  langkah-langkah supaya peranan itu lebih berkesan.

LOGO HARI GURU

Putih - Menunjukkan kesucian, kesabaran, kesempurnaan dan keamanan. Perak - Menunjukkan rakyat berbilang bangsa bersatu padu dan teguh. Kuning - Sinaran cahaya yang cemerlang pada masa hadapan. Bulan dan bintang   membawa erti yang terkandung dalam bendera Malaysia. Merah - Menunjukkan keteguhan semangat. Biru - Menunjukkan perpaduan muhibah. -

Dari pusat lambang tersebut, muncullah buku yang memberi ilmu pengetahuan dalam segalalapangan bagi kepentingan negara yang aman dan makmur. Di hadapan bukudidapati rekabentuk seorang murid yang sentiasa memerlukan pengajarandan pendidikan daripada guru. Dua reka bentuk di antara murid dan buku,ialah guru perempuan dan lelaki berfikiran sama dalam segala lapangantentang mata pelajaran dan kokurikulum. Mereka sentiasa menggalakkanmurid-murid supaya meninggikan mutu pelajaran dan kegiatan kokurikulummengikut prinsip-prinsip Ruku Negara. Dari bawah didapati satu garisanbulat yang tebal mengandungi slogan "HIDUP BERBAKTI". Ini menjadisebuah tapak yang luas dan kukuh membuktikan perpaduan guru.


IKRAR HARI GURU

Bahawasanya kami
Guru-guru negara Malaysia
Dengan ini berikrar
Mendukung terus cita-cita kami
Terhadap tugas kami
Dan menyatakan keyakinan kami
Pada cita-cita murni pekerjaan kami
Kami akan berbakti
Kepada masyarakat
Dan negara kami.

Kami sentiasa menjunjung
Perlembagaan negara
Kami mengamalkan
Prinsip-prinsip Rukun Negara
Pada setiap masa.

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REFERENCES SOURCE

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ASSESSEMENT INSTRUMENT

Paper 1– 70%

Instrument Types : Written Test

Duration : 2 hours 30 minutes

Section A : 25 Question, 36 Score
Section B : 5 Question, 20 Score
Section C : 3 Question, answer 2, 14 Score


Paper 2– 30%

Instrument Types : Coursework ( Demonstration, Verbal Presentation, Written Assignment, Project Work)

No. Of Aspect : Form 4 ( 9 aspect) - 18 Score
Form 5 ( 6 aspect) - 12 Score
Evaluation Period : Form 4 (January until October)

Form 5 (January until July)

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SYLLABUS CONTENT

The ICT syllabus is organized into six (6) learning areas namely :

• Information and Communication Technology and Society
• Computer Systems
• Computer Networks and Communications
• Multimedia
• Programming
• Information Systems

Each learning area consists of TOPICS and SCOPE. TOPICS is a list of selected area to be taught under LEARNING AREA while the SCOPE shows the extent of coverage required in the teaching of the topics.

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Examination Format

PAPER 1 : 3765/1 ( 2 ½ HOURS) - WRITING PAPER

SECTION :

Section A = 36 marks
Section B = 20 marks
Section C = 14 marks
TOTAL : 70 marks

 
PAPER 2 : 3765/2 ( 2 YEARS- FORM 4 AND FORM 5) -COURSE WORK

Chapter 1 -3 Aspect-6 marks
Chapter 2 -3 Aspect-6 marks
Chapter 3 -3 Aspect-6 marks
Chapter 4 -2 Aspect-4 marks
Chapter 5 -2 Aspect-4 marks
Chapter 6 -2 Aspect-4 marks

TOTAL=30 marks

PAPER 1 ( 3765/1) + PAPER 2 (3765/2) = 100 MARKS

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Computer Ethics and Legal Issues : Controversial Content

CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT

A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in opinions and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or culture will have different views about the contents.

ISSUES ON CONTROVERSIAL CONTENTS

The issues on controversial contents are always focusing on pornography and slander. Malaysia considers pornography and slander as illegal.

Pornographic and slanderous activities can be in the forms of plots and actions displayed on video games, controversial rhythm or lyrics of music, controversial contents of books and controversial issues on religion and philosophy.

Pornography Creative activity (writing or pictures or films etc.) of no literary or artistic value other than to stimulate sexual desire.

Slander Oral communication of false statements injurious to a person's reputation.

A false and malicious statement or report about someone.

PORNOGRAPHY

What is pornography?  Why is pornography considered “negative” content?

Both pictures are very cute pictures of innocent babies. Neither can be considered pornographic by normal standards.

DEFINITION OF PORNOGRAPHY

The definition of pornography is any form of media or material (like books or photographs) that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement.

Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful manner.

SLANDER

Slander is another example of controversial content.

Slander is a legal term for false and malicious statement (meaning knowing that it is false, or “reckless disregard” that it was false) about someone.

Examples :

You wrote an e-mail that a fellow classmate was having an affair with a teacher, even though it was not true. You then sent it to five other friends.

Ahmad is a muslim. One day, he received a “spam” e-mail stating that his favourite soda drink “Soda Moda” uses non-halal food colouring, but he does not know if the source of the content is credible or true.  He decides to forward the e-mail to 50 of his friends.

Chin Wei spreads a rumour that a Government Minister is receiving bribes from an enemy government.

IMPACTS ON MALAYSIAN SOCIETY

What can you conclude about the impact of controversial content on the Malaysian society?

Pornography

• can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation of women and children
• can lead to sexual addiction or perversion
• can develop low moral value towards other men, women or children
• can erode good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour

Slander

• can develop into a society that disregards honesty and truth 
• can develop bad habit of spreading untruths and rumours
• can lead to unnecessary argument
• can cause people to have negative attitudes towards another person
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  Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |
  
• Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber Law.
• Differentiate between ethics and law.
• State the need for intellectual property laws
• List ways to protect privacy.
• State authentication and verification methods/ technologies
• List Controversial Content and effects of controversial contents on society
• Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
• Explain the need for Cyber Law
• Explain briefly the computer crimes
•  

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Computer Ethics and Legal Issues : Authentication And Verification

AUTHENTICATIONS

Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say they are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact the user who is authorised to do so.

For Example : When you use an ATM card, the machine will verify the validation of the card then the machine will request  for a pin number. This is where the authentication process takes place. 

METHODS OF AUTHENTICATION

There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric device and callback system.

Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database.

Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.

BIOMETRIC DEVICES

Fingerprint  Recognition

• In order to prevent fake fingers from being used, many biometrics fingerprint systems also measure blood flow, or check for correctly arrayed ridges at the edges of the fingers.

Facial Recognition

• Facial recognition analyses the characteristics of an individual's face images captured through a digital video camera. Facial recognition is widely used, touted as a fantastic system for recognising potential threats (whether terrorists, scam artists, or known criminals).

Hand Geometry Scanning

• Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis of the shape of one's hand.
• Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique. Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for identification.
• It is possible to devise a method by combining various individual features and measurements of fingers and hands for verification purposes.

Iris Scanning

• Iris scanning analyses the features that exist in the coloured tissues surrounding the pupil which has more than 200 points that can be used for comparison, including rings, furrows and freckles.
• The scans use a regular video camera and can be done from further away than a retinal scan.It will work perfectly fine through glasses and in fact has the ability to create an accurate enough measurement that it can be used for identification purposes.
• The accuracy of this method is excellent while the cost involved is high.

Retinal Scanning

• Retinal biometrics involves the scanning of retina and analysing the layer of blood vessels at the back of the eye.
• Retinal scanning involves using a low-intensity light source and an optical coupler and can read the patterns at a great level of accuracy.
• Retina scanning requires the user to remove glasses, place their eye close to the device, and focus on a certain point. Whether the accuracy can outweigh the public discomfort is yet to be seen.
• The accuracy in retinal scanning is very good and the cost involved is fair.

Voice  Recognition

• Voice recognition system compares a person’s live speech with their stored voice pattern.
• Voice recognition biometrics requires user to speak into a microphone. What he speaks can be his password or an access phrase.
• Verification time is approximately 5 seconds. To prevent recorded voice
• use, most voice recognition devices require the high and low frequencies of the sound to match, which is difficult for many recording instruments to recreate well. Also, some devices generate random number of sequences for verification.
• The accuracy in voice recognition is fair and the cost involved is very reasonable.

Signature Verification System

• Signature verification system uses special pen and tablet. After pre-processing the signature, several features are extracted.
• The authenticity of a writer is determined by comparing an input signature to a stored reference set (template) consisting of three signatures.
• The similarity between an input signature and the reference set is computed using string matching and the similarity value is compared to a threshold.
• The accuracy in signature verification system is fair and the cost involved is excellent.

CALLBACK SYSTEM

The callback system is commonly used in the bank operation and business transaction.

For example, when you book for the taxi service, the operator will ask you to hang up and she will call you back to confirm for the service required.

WHY IS AUTHENTICATION IMPORTANT?

Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the unauthorised access and use.

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VERIFICATION

Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification.

METHODS OF VERIFICATION

There are two methods commonly used in verification, which are user identification and processed object.

User identification refers to the process of validating the user.

Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification card, security token and cell phone.

USER IDENTIFICATION

The examples of validating process using the user identification are:

• Key in the user name to log-in to a system and the system will verify whether the user is valid or invalid user
• Show the exam slip to verify that you are the valid candidate for the exam.
• show a passport before departure.

PROCESSED OBJECT

The examples of validating process using the processed object are:

• the policeman will check on the driver’s license to identify the valid driver
• employees have to swipe their security card to enter the building
• buy blouses at the mall using a credit card

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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber Law.
• Differentiate between ethics and law.
• State the need for intellectual property laws
• List ways to protect privacy.
• State authentication and verification methods/ technologies
• List Controversial Content and effects of controversial contents on society
• Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
• Explain the need for Cyber Law
• Explain briefly the computer crimes

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Computer Ethics and Legal Issues : Ways to Protect Privacy

WHAT IS PRIVACY?

Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy.

Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and symbols. Then, computer is used to process data into information. In general, data include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video.

Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.

WAYS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY THREATEN OUR PRIVACY

Every time you click on an advertisement or register a software product online, your information is entered into a database. Computer technology can also threaten privacy through spam. Do you know what spam is? Spam is unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup postings sent to many recipients at once.

How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data? It is done through:

• Cookies
• Electronic profile
• Spyware

Computer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling. For example, when we fill out a form such as a magazine subscription, purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is kept in the database. It will include age, address, marital status and other

personal details.

Cookies

• are used to identify users by web casting, e-commerce and other web applications
• contain user information and are saved in the computer hard disk
• are used by some websites to store passwords and track how regularly we visit a website, that’s how we become potential targets for web advertisers
• enable web sites to collect information about your online activities and store them for future use, then the collected details will be sold to any company that requests for it.

Electronic profile

• electronic profile is the combining of data in a database that can be sold to the Internet by the company to the interested parties.
• this database is in a form such as magazine subscription or product    warranty cards that had been filled by online subscribers.
• the information in electronic profile includes personal details such as your age, address and marital status.

Spyware

• refers to a program that collects user information without the user’s knowledge.
• can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus.
• is a result of installing new programs.
• communicates information it collects to some outside source while we are online.

WHY DO WE  NEED PRIVACY?

We need privacy for anonymity. For example, the Internet creates an elaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the Web because all information is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected.

We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information generated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used for a variety of other purposes without the individual’s knowledge or consent.  

We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.

CAN PRIVACY BE PROTECTED?

Privacy can be protected by:

(a) Privacy law

The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasises on the  following:

• Security Services to review the security policy
• Security Management to protect the resources
• Security Mechanism to  implement the required security services
• Security Objects, the important entities within the system   environment

(b) Utilities software

Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.

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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber Law.
• Differentiate between ethics and law.
• State the need for intellectual property laws
• List ways to protect privacy.
• State authentication and verification methods/ technologies
• List Controversial Content and effects of controversial contents on society
• Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
• Explain the need for Cyber Law
• Explain briefly the computer crimes

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Computer Ethics and Legal Issues : Intellectual Property Laws

DEFINITION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Intellectual Property refers to works created by inventors, authors and artists. These works are unique and have value in the market place. In our daily lives, we are surrounded by things that are protected by IP. Your school bags, your shoes and even your socks are protected by Intellectual Property rights. Nike, Bata or Adidas, for example, are all protected by a group of legal rights.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

Intellectual Property laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique names, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes and more.

INVENTIONS PROTECTED BY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS

As businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realise the importance of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguard their intellectual property rights. These include :

• Trademarks
• Service marks
• Trade/company names
• Domain names
• Geographical indications
• Copyrights
• Patents

Example : Protected by property law.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION

There are four types of Intellectual Property protection. They are patents for invention, trademarks for brand identity, designs for product appearance and copyright for material.

• Patents for inventions
• Trademarks for brand identity
• Design for product appearance
• Copyright for material

Patents for inventions

Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and improvements to

existing inventions

Trademarks for brand identity

Words, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products, goods or services.

Design for product appearance

Literary and artistic material,  music, films, sound recordings and roadcasts,

including software and multimedia.

Copyright for material

The features of, in particular,the lines, contours, colours,shape, texture or material of the product itself or its ornamentation.

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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber Law.
• Differentiate between ethics and law.
• State the need for intellectual property laws
• List ways to protect privacy.
• State authentication and verification methods/ technologies
• List Controversial Content and effects of controversial contents on society
• Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
• Explain the need for Cyber Law
• Explain briefly the computer crimes

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Computer Ethics And Legal Issues : Ethics And Law

DEFINITION OF ETHICS

In general, ethics is a moral philosophy where a person makes a specific moral choice and sticks to it. On the other hand, ethics in computing means moral guidelines to refer to when using the computer and computer networks. This includes the Internet.

DEFINITION OF LAW

Law is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern the affairs of a community and controlled by a political authority.

Law differs from one country to another. In the era of technology, computer law is needed to clarify goods or actions that fall under the computer law. Computer law refers to all areas in law that requires an understanding of computer technology such as hardware, software and Internet.

WHY DO WE NEED ETHICS AND LAW IN COMPUTING?

• Respecting Ownership
• Respecting Privacy
• Respecting Property

RESPECTING OWNERSHIP

We must respect ownership by not stealing other people’s work either by duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and authorisation from the individual or company that created the program

are immoral and illegal.

RESPECTING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

We should respect other people's privacy and confidentiality by refraining ourselves from reading their mails or files without their permission. If we do so, it is considered as violating an individual’s rights to privacy and confidentiality.

RESPECTING PROPERTY

Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information are considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changing electronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for other people’s property.

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW

Both ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made:

• to guide user from misusing computers
• to create a healthy computer society, so that computers are used to contribute to a better lifeto prevent any crime

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS

ETHICS
GUIDELINE	As a guideline to computer users.
MORAL STANDARDS	Ethical behaviour is judged by moral standards.
FREE TO FOLLOW	Computer users are free to follow or ignore the code of ethics.
NO PUNISHMENTS	No punishment for anyone who violates ethics.
UNIVERSALS	Universal, can be applied anywhere, all over the world.
PRODUCE ETHICAL COMPUTER USERS	To produce ethical computer users.
IMMORAL	Not honouring computer ethics means ignoring the moral elements (immoral).

LAW
CONTROL	As a rule to control computer users.
JUDICIAL STANDARDS	Law is judged by judicial standards.
MUST FOLLOW	Computer users must follow the regulations and law.
PENALTIES, IMPRISONMENTS  AND OTHER PUNISHMENTS	Penalties, imprisonments and other punishments for those who break the law.
DEPENDS ON COUNTRY	Depends on country and state where the crime is committed.
PREVENT MISUSING OF COMPUTERS	To prevent misuse of computers.
CRIME	Not honouring the law means committing a crime.

UNETHICAL VS. LAW BREAKING CONDUCTS

Unethical:

• using the office computer to do personal things
• reading your friend’s e-mail without his or her permission
• plagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your class assignment without giving credit to the original author.

Law breaking:

• sending a computer virus via e-mail
• hacking into your school’s database to change your examination results.
• selling pirated software in a night market

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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber Law.
• Differentiate between ethics and law.
• State the need for intellectual property laws
• List ways to protect privacy.
• State authentication and verification methods/ technologies
• List Controversial Content and effects of controversial contents on society
• Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
• Explain the need for Cyber Law
• Explain briefly the computer crimes

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Computer Ethics And Legal Issues : Definition

ETHICS IN GENERAL

A guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from being exploited for example replicating original CDs and selling them as pirated software, this unethical behaviour can be controlled by the code of conducts.

Unethical refers to any code of conducts that are not conforming to approved standards of social or professional behaviour.

Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a guideline for computer users.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICS

The United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. These principles consider the effective code of conducts for the proper use of information technology. The Ten commandments of computer ethics are :

1. You shall not use a computer to harm other people.
2. You shall not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. You shall not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. You shall not use a computer to steal.
5. You shall not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
7. You shall not use other people's computer resources without authorisation or proper compensation.
8. You shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. You shall think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing.
10. You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans.

GUIDELINES ON THE E-MAIL AND INTERNET USAGE

Some guidelines from the Department of Public Services of Malaysia:

•  use only individual e-mail address to forward individual opinion
• keep the identity name and password a secret to avoid the misuse of your  e-mail without your knowledge
• e-mail must be active to promptly reply the necessary actions needed for any matters
• ensure the total mail kept in the box is within the computer storage capacity
• scan files regularly to avoid the transmission of virus from one computer to   another
• do not send e-mails that contain classified information which can be used to   tarnish other people or country
• choose a suitable time to search the Internet to save access time and cost
• beware of prohibited sites which could affect one's moral, organisation or nation
• print only relevant documents that you think can be used in future to save cost

UNETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS

With the advancement of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve your information from the Internet. You may not realise that when you fill a form on the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen.

Examples of unethical computer code of conducts include:

• modifying certain information on the Internet, affecting the accuracy  of the information
• selling information to other parties without the owner’s permission  
• using information without authorization
• involvement in stealing software
• invasion of privacy

Intellectual property refers to any product of human intellect that is unique and has value in the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, unique name, computer program codes and many more.

ETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS

Examples of ethical computer code of conducts include:

• sending warning about viruses to other computer users
• asking permission before sending any business advertisements to others
• using information with authorization

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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Computer Ethics, Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property, Privacy, Computer Crime and Cyber Law.
• Differentiate between ethics and law.
• State the need for intellectual property laws
• List ways to protect privacy.
• State authentication and verification methods/ technologies
• List Controversial Content and effects of controversial contents on society
• Describe the process of filtering to control access to controversial contents
• Explain the need for Cyber Law
• Explain briefly the computer crimes 

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Overview Of ICT : Impact of ICT on society.

FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED

In the past, it took a long time for any news or messages to be send. Now with the Internet, news or messages are sent via e-mail to friends, business partners or to anyone efficiently. With the capability of bandwidth, broadband and connection speed on the Internet, any information can travel fast and at an instant. It saves time and is inexpensive.

LOWER COMMUNICATION COST

Using the Internet is cost-effective than the other modes of communication such as telephone, mailing or courier service.  It allows people to have access to large amounts of data at a very low cost. With the Internet we do not have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet. Furthermore, the cost of connection to the Internet is relatively cheap.

RELIABLE MODE OF COMMUNICATION

Computers are reliable. With the internet, information could be accessed and retrieved from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode of communication. However, the input to the computer is contributed by humans. If the data passed to the computer is faulty, the result will be faulty as well. This is related to the term GIGO.

GIGO is a short form for Garbage In Garbage Out. It refers to the quality of output produced according to the input. Normally bad input produces bad output.

EFFECTIVE SHARING OF INFORMATION

With the advancement of  ICT, information can be shared by people all around the world. People can share and exchange opinions, news and information through discussion groups, mailing list and forums on the Internet. This enable knowledge sharing which  will contribute to the development of knowledge based society.

PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT

ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term means information can be stored and retrieved through the digital medium instead of paper. Online communication via emails, online chat and instant messaging also helps in creating the paperless environment.

BORDERLESS COMMUNICATION

Internet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and versatility. It has become a borderless sources for services and information.  Through the Internet, information and communication can be borderless.

SOCIAL PROBLEMS

There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in the society. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than having real time conversations. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert.

Another negative effect of ICT is :

• fraud
• identity theft
• Pornography
• Hacking

This will result a moral decedent and generate threads to the society.

HEALTH PROBLEMS

A computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently. Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic environment can be introduced. For example, an ergonomic chair can reduces back strain and a screen filter is used to minimize eye strain.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define ICT.
• Describe the brief evolution of computers.
• List the usage of ICT in everyday life.
• State the differences between computerised and non-computerised  systems.
• State the impact of ICT on society.

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