DG41
DG 44 - 54
Terima Kasih Terima Kasih Terima Kasih
7 years ago
KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA
Lawati portal Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia di www.moe.gov.my
JABATAN PELAJARAN JOHOR
Layari portal Jabatan Pelajaran Negeri Johor di www.moe.gov.my/jpnjohor
PEJABAT PELAJARAN DAERAH KULAIJAYA
Lawati Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Pelajaran Daerah Kulaijaya di kulaijaya.net
Laman Web UPSI
Kami Komited Membawa Prubahan Dalam Pendidikan www.upsi.edu.my/en
Monday, 25 June 2012
Wednesday, 20 June 2012
DATABASE
DATABASE
Database is structured collection of information on specific subjects. We can think of a database as an electronic filing system.
An example of the database is a telephone book which contains records of names, addresses and contact numbers.
A database allows its contents to be easily accessed, updated, stored and retrieved.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
A Database management System is a program that accesses information from a database.
A Database Management System provides an interface between the database and the user.
A Database management System enables you to extract, modify and store information from a database.
Examples of DBMS are Oracle, SQL Server and Microsoft Access.
BENEFITS OF USING DATABASE
Minimises Data Redundancy
Most data item stored in only one file. With a database there is no need to repeat recording the same data. This minimises data redundancy.
For example, a school database would record a student’s name. address and other details only once when the student enrols in the school.
Data Integrity Is Assured
A database ensures that data is correct for all files. When a user modifies data in one of the files in a database, the same data will change automatically in all the files. This is called data integrity.
Data Can Be Shared
A database allows the ease of sharing data. Data can be shared over a network, by a whole organisation.
Information Can Be Accessed Easily
A database makes information access easy.
Everyone can access and manage data in a database.
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HIERARCHY OF DATA
HIERARCHY OF DATA
- Hierarchy is a series of ordered groupings in a system, beginning with the smallest unit to the largest.
- Data is organised in a hierarchy that begins with the smallest to the largest unit of data, as it progresses up the hierarchy.
- Together, bits, bytes, fields, records, files and database form the hierarchy of data.
BIT, BYTE, FIELD, RECORD AND FILE
The bit is represented by 0 for OFF or 1 for ON. It is a binary digit. It is the smallest unit of data the computer can store in a database.
A byte is a collection of bits. Each byte consists of eight bits. Each byte represents a character.
For example : The letter S is made up of 0101 0011
A field is a unit of data consisting of one or more characters (bytes).
A field is the smallest unit of meaningful information in the database. Each field has a field name.
The field name describes the data that should be entered into the field, such as StudentID (Student ID), Name, Address and MyKad Number.
A record is a collection of related fields.
Example : Each record stores data about a students.
For example, a student record is a collection of fields about a student.
A file is a collection of related records. For example, a student file is a collection of students’ records.
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TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)
Management Information Systems are used to provide regular information about the daily activities of a business to the manager.
Management Information Systems are to help managers make the business processes and activities more efficient compared to doing them manually.
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (TPS)
Transaction Processing Systems are used to record business transaction. Transaction Processing Systems keep track of daily transactions in a database.
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
Decision Support Systems provide managers with information to make the best decisions.
Decision Support Systems help to analyse information, recognise problems and making decisions.
Most Decision Supports Systems reports are in the form of charts and diagrams.
EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM (EIS)
Executive Information System helps top-level management to plan strategies.
An Executive Information System is used to forecast future trends.
EXPERT SYSTEM (ES)
Expert system is used to store knowledge and make logical suggestions for the user.
Expert System users can be professionals like doctors and scientist.
Example : An Expert System can suggest conditions and estimate the probability of having illness.
EXTENSION : OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM (OIS)
Office Information System is also known as office automation. Office Information System is an information system that uses hardware, software and networks to enhance work flow among employees.
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INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
An information system (IS) is a set of related components that collects data, process data and provide information.
The components of information systems are: data, hardware, software, people and procedures.
DATA
Data is very important in information systems. Without data, decision and
conclusion cannot be made. The right data in information systems helps us to make the right decision.
For example, the stock status report in a book store helps the book store's
manager to decide when to reorder their stocks.
HARDWARE
The hardware component in an information system means all computer
equipment used to perform input, processing and output functions.
Hardware resources also include all media on which data is recorded, such
as paper, floppy disks and compact discs.
SOFTWARE
The software component in an information system consists of programs for the computers. These programs allow the computers to carry out most of the instructions related to information processing.
There are two types of software: system software and application software.
System software controls basic computer operations. For example, the Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows, Linux and Macintosh.
Application software are the programs that allow users to do specific tasks. Examples of application software are Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and SQL Server.
PEOPLE
People involved is information systems personnel and end users.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PERSONNEL
People involve in IS are the database administrator, system analyst and system designer.
- Database administrator : The database administrator monitors database security and solves errors.
- System analyst : A system analyst analyses the customer's needs by providing specifications to customers.
- System designer : A system designer designs database according to the specifications given by systems analysts.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS END USER
End users are people who use information systems. They can be customers, managers and clerks.
PROCEDURES
Procedures are operating instructions for the user of an information system.
Procedures can be in the form of guidelines in the user manuals.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATION SYSTEMS COMPONENT
- An information system consists of the interrelated component of data, hardware, software, people and procedures.
- These components work together to perform input, process and output. This provides information products in order to meet the needs of and information system.
- For example, Dell Computer Corporation’s workers who receive input data, will work on computers. This input data will be kept in the company’s databases.
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- Definition of Data, Information And Information System
- Usage Of Information System
- Information System Component
- Type Of Information System
- Hierarchy Of Data
USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN EDUCATION
- Keep track of students statistic and grades.
- Help students and teachers in online learning and discussion – Learning Management System, example : Moodle, University Sains Malaysia and Open University Malaysia.
- Store subject content – for Online Learning Portal.
USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS
- Carry out online buying and selling : In retail companies, information systems are used in online buying and selling. Examples of information systems for a retail company are Amazon.com, Lelong.com and Maybank2U.com.
- Help plan the delivery of goods and services : In the transportation industry, information systems are used to help plan the delivery of goods and services. Examples of information systems in the transportation industry are UPS.com, FedEx Express and City-Link.
- Make room bookings and for checking the best rates : In the hotel industry, information systems are used to make room bookings and for checking the best rates. Examples of information systems in the hotel industry are Genting Online booking, Booking.com and Sabah Hotel Booking Center.
USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN MANAGEMENT
- See employee records : In human resource management, information systems are used to see things like employee records.
- Analyse product, services and product prices : In marketing management information systems are used to analyse products, services and product prices that give the best sales.
- Process customer ordes, organise production times and keep track of product inventory : In manufacturing management, information systems are used to process customers orders, organise production times and keep track of product inventory
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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |
- Definition of Data, Information And Information System
- Usage Of Information System
- Information System Component
- Type Of Information System
- Hierarchy Of Data
Definition Of Data, Information and Information System
DATA
- Data and information are used in our daily life. Each type of data has its own importance that contribute toward useful information.
- Data is like raw material. It is not organised and has little value. Data can include text, numbers, images, audio and video.
- Text data consists of sentences and paragraphs.
- Number or numerical data consists of digits from 0 to 9.
- Image data are graphical images.
- Audio data can be sound, voice or tones
- Video data consist of moving images
INFORMATION
- Information is organised data that is valuable and meaningful to a specific user.
INFORMATION SYSTEM
- Information system is a set of a related components that collects data, processes data and provides information.
For example: School Grading System is the information system used in schools. In this system, student’s mark are the input data that must be obtained from the class teachers.
Process involves making calculations, comparing, grading and storing data.
In a School Grading System, output usually in the form of documents. Output can be digital or in printed format.
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Wednesday, 13 June 2012
LATEST TYPE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
FIFTH GENERATION LANGUAGES
Fifth generation programming language (5GL) is an advance programming language which concentrates on solving problems using constraints given to the program.
In fifth generation language, the programmer just need to define the problem to be solve and the program will automatically code the program based on the problem definition.
Fifth generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.
Fifth generation languages are mostly used in artificial intelligence research.
Examples of fifth generation languages include Prolog and Mercury.
NATURAL LANGUAGE
Natural Language programming aims to use natural language such as English to write a program.
Instead of using a specific programming language syntax, natural language programming will use normal English as the input to program software.
Such a technique would mean less technical programming knowledge is required to write a program.
The programmer needs to define the program using normal language.
OPENGL (GRAPHIC LIBRARY)
OpenGL (Graphics Library) is a standard specification to describe the standard Application Programming Interface (API) for 3D/2D computer graphic applications.
OpenGL specification describes a set of functions and the exact behaviours that the 3D/2Dapplication must perform.
OpenGL was developed by Silicon Graphics.
OpenGL is widely used in virtual reality, scientific visualisation, flight simulation and video game development.
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PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PHASES
In program development, there are five main phases. These phases are a series of steps that programmers undertake to build computer programs. The program development phases guide computer programmers through the development of a program.
The five main phases of program development are as follows:
PROBLEM ANALYSIS PHASE
During the problem analysis phase, the programmer will interview the client to find out what the client’s needs are.
For example, the client might be a school that wishes to set up a school registration program. So the school administrator might tell the programmer that they need to record students’ data such as name, date of birth, gender, class, parents’ names, address and contact numbers.
PROGRAM DESIGN PHASE
Based on that, the programmer will design a flow chart that represents the needs of the client, which in this case is the school registration program.
CODING PHASE
Once the flow chart is confirmed, the programmer will perform coding.
TESTING AND DEBUGGING PHASE
The school registration program will be tested by the users at the client’s site. In this case, it will be the school office administrators. If there are any errors, the programmer will do a debugging of the program.
DOCUMENTATION PHASE
There are three types of errors uncovered during this phase: syntax errors, logic errors and run-time errors.
Syntax Error
When the code violates the syntax of the programming language, a syntax
error occurs.
A syntax error is caused by a wrong spelling in command and declaration. Other syntax errors include case sensitive, punctuation and wrong word command.
They either show up as you type the program code, or if you have turned off the automatic syntax error check, the syntax errors show up when you try to run or compile the program.
When syntax error is located, a message is displayed on the screen.
The programmer must review and correct all syntax errors.
Logic Error
If the expected output and actual output do not match for any set of data, the program has a logic error.
A logic error is an error in the design that causes inaccurate outputs.
We can use desk check technique to test logic errors. There are 3 steps to perform desk checking.
First, create a set of test data that includes input and output data.
Second, use the test data to test the coding and record the result.
Lastly, compare the manual results with the computer generated results.
Run-Time Error
Run-time error is an error that occurs while the program is running or executing.
A run-time error may cause the program to stop running.
After this, the programmer will complete the documentation for the program; this includes the user manual, a clear layout of the input and output records and a program listing.
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PSEUDO CODES AND FLOW CHART
PSEUDOCODES
Pseudo code is text only sentences that describe the logic and program flow of a computer program. Pseudo code esembles plain English.
It usually does not have any specific programming language syntax and grammar.
Pseudo code is directly linked to the computer codes because each pseudo code statement can often be converted into the programming language virtually line by line.
There are no set rules for writing pseudo code.
A programmer can have his or her personalised pseudo code.
He or she must use consistent language and syntax in the pseudo code, so that he or she can understand it at a later stage.
FLOW CHART
Let’s identify some of the main elements in the flow chart. We have five main elements in a flow chart.
Terminator shows the beginning or end of a program.
Flowline and arrowhead use to connect symbols and indicate the sequences of operation.
Input or output shows either an input operation (e.g. an INPUT from the
user) or an output operation (e.g. PRINT some messages).
Process shows a process to be carried out (e.g. calculation).
Decision shows a decision (or choice) to be made. The program should continue along one of two routes (e.g. if...else).
A flow chart is a diagram using symbols to show the step-by-step sequence of procedures in a program. A flow chart describes the logic and program flow of a computer program graphically.
Example:
A student requests his marks from the program.
The program will then check whether his marks is more/equal to 50 or not.
If the marks are over or equal to 50, the program will print a congratulatory message together with the marks.
If the marks are lower than 50 then the program will print a motivational message together with the result.
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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |
- Define Program and Programming Language
- Level And Generation Of Programming Language
- Programming Language Approach
- Translator
- Basic Element In Programming : Constant And Variable
- Basic Element In Programming : Data Type
- Basic Element In Programming : Mathematical and Logical
- Basic Element In Programming : Sequence And Control
- Pseudo-code And Flowchart
BASIC ELEMENTS IN PROGRAMMING : Control Structures
Control structure is a structure of statements in programming that allows the programmer to control the flow of a program.Control structure can be divided into sequence, selection and repetition control structures.
SEQUENCE CONTROL
Sequence control refers to the linear execution of codes within a program. In sequence control, the statements are executed one by one in consecutive order.
In sequence control, the statements are executed one by one in consecutive order.
SELECTION CONTROL
There are times when you want your program to make a decision based on the situation given.
For example, a program that stores student’s marks may respond differently to different marks.
Or maybe a simple mathematical program will display its result as odd or even, based on the result.
Selection control enables the programmer to assign different events for different situations.
An example of selection control is “If...Then...Else” statement. The basic pseudo code for “If...Then...Else” statement is as follows.
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SELECTION CONTROL AND SEQUENCE CONTROL
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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |
- Define Program and Programming Language
- Level And Generation Of Programming Language
- Programming Language Approach
- Translator
- Basic Element In Programming : Constant And Variable
- Basic Element In Programming : Data Type
- Basic Element In Programming : Mathematical and Logical
- Basic Element In Programming : Sequence And Control
- Pseudo-code And Flowchart
BASIC ELEMENTS IN PROGGRAMMING : Mathematical and Logical Operators
Operator is a symbol or notation that tells a computer to perform certain actions or operations.
An example: the plus (+) notation will tell the computer to perform the "add" operation.
Let's look at some examples of Mathematical Operators.
Let's look at some examples of Relational Operators
Let's look at some examples of Logical Operators.
FUNCTION OF MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
Mathematical operators are notations that tell the computer to perform mathematical operations.
FUNCTIONS OF RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Relational operators perform comparison between two elements.
They return an element of logical 1 (True) where the relation is true, and element of logical 0 (False) where the relation is false.
The diagram shows some common relational operators and their expression.
FUNCTIONS OF LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical operators are notations that tell the computer to perform logical operations.
Examples of Logical operation are: AND, OR, and NOT.
Logical operator compares 2 conditions and returns a TRUE or FALSE value.
AND operator
The diagram below shows a truth table of AND operator.
Notice that truth value of X AND Y is True ( 1 ) if only both X and Y are True ( 1 ).
Else it is false ( 0 )
OR operator
The diagram below shows a truth table of OR operator.
Notice that truth value of X OR Y is only True ( 1 ) if either X or Y are True ( 1 ) or both X and Y are true ( 1 )
Else it is false ( 0 )
NOT operator
The diagram below shows the truth table of NOT operator NOT X is the negation of X, it is essentially the 1's complement operation.
Notice that truth value of NOT X is True( 1 ) when X is False and vice versa.
DIFFERENCES IN MATHEMATICAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS
Function :
Mathematical operators perform mathematical operations such as plus or substract.
Relational operators perform element-by-element comparisons between two arrays.
Logical operators perform logical operations such as checking the condition of two Boolean values.
Symbols :
These operators have their own symbols based on the programming language.
EQUALITY OPERATORS
The equality determine an operand equal to or not equal to another operand.
Remember we must use "=" and not "<>" when testing if two primitive values are equal in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |
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Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |
- Define Program and Programming Language
- Level And Generation Of Programming Language
- Programming Language Approach
- Translator
- Basic Element In Programming : Constant And Variable
- Basic Element In Programming : Data Type
- Basic Element In Programming : Mathematical and Logical
- Basic Element In Programming : Sequence And Control
- Pseudo-code And Flowchart
