PROGRAMING APPROACHES

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING EDUCATION

Structured programming often uses a top-down design model where developers map out the overall program structure into separate subsections from top to bottom.

In the top-down design model, programs are drawn as rectangles. A top-down design means that the whole program is broken down into smaller sections that are known as modules. 

A program may have a module or several modules.

Structured programming is beneficial for organising and coding computer programs which employ a hierarchy of modules. This means that control is passed downwards only through the hierarchy.

Examples of structured programming languages include Ada, Pascal and Fortran.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

The object-oriented approach refers to a special type of programming approach that combines data with functions to create objects.

In an object-oriented program, the object have relationships with one another.

One of the earliest OOP languages is Smalltalk. Java, Visual Basic and C++ are examples of popular OOP languages.  

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRUCTURED AND OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

• Structured programming often uses a top-down design model.
• The object-oriented programming approach uses objects.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Program and Programming Language
• Level And Generation Of Programming Language
• Programming Language Approach
• Translator
• Basic Element In Programming : Constant And Variable
• Basic Element In Programming : Data Type
• Basic Element In Programming : Mathematical and Logical
• Basic Element In Programming : Sequence And Control
• Pseudo-code And Flowchart

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LEVEL AND GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from computer’s microprocessor.

A high-level programming language is a programming language that is more abstract, easier to use, and more portable across platforms.

FIRST GENERATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The first generation of programming language, or 1GL, is machine language. Machine language is a set of instructions and data that a computer's central processing unit can execute directly.

Machine language statements are written in binary code, and each statement corresponds to one machine action.

SECOND GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The second generation programming language, or 2GL, is assembly language. Assembly language is the human-readable notation for the machine language used to control specific computer operations.

An assembly language programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes that are meaningful abbreviations or mnemonics.

An assembler is a program that translates assembly language into machine language.

Since assembly language consist of human-readable abbreviations, the assembler must first convert assembly language into machine-readable language before the computer can readily understand its instructions.

THIRD GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The third generation of programming language, 3GL, or procedural language uses a series of English-like words, that are closer to human language,to write instructions.

High-level programming languages make complex programming simpler and easier to read, write and maintain.Programs written in a high-level programming language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.

PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C and C++ are examples of third generation programming languages.

FOURTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The fourth generation programming language or non-procedural language, often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to access data in a database.

A very high-level programming language is often referred to as goal-oriented programming language because it is usually limited to a very specific

application and it might use syntax that is never used in other programming languages.

SQL, NOMAD and FOCUS are examples of fourth generation programming languages.

FIFTH GENERATION PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

The fifth generation programming language or visual programming language, is also known as natural language.

Provides a visual or graphical interface, called a visual programming environment, for creating source codes.

Fifth generation programming allows people to interact with computers without needing any specialised knowledge.

People can talk to computers and the voice recognition systems can convert spoken sounds into written words, but these systems do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation.

Prolog and Mercury are the best known fifth-generation languages.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Program and Programming Language
• Level And Generation Of Programming Language
• Programming Language Approach
• Translator
• Basic Element In Programming : Constant And Variable
• Basic Element In Programming : Data Type
• Basic Element In Programming : Mathematical and Logical
• Basic Element In Programming : Sequence And Control
• Pseudo-code And Flowchart

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DEFINE PROGRAM AND PROGRAMMING LANGGUAGE

PROGRAM

A computer program is a series of organised instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Without programs, computers are useless.

A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of variables (called ingredients)  and a list of statements (called directions) that tell the computer what to do with the variables.

Like a recipe, a program can be written in different programming languages which may express the steps differently according to the programming language syntax, but deliver the same end result.

PROGRAMMING

Programming is a creation of a set of commands or instructions which directs a computer in carrying out a task.

Later these commands or instructions will be compiled and/or interpreted and then transformed to executable instructions that a computer or electronic device can execute or run.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

A programming language is a set of words, symbols and codes that enables humans to communicate with computers.

It is a language used for writing computer programs, that direct a computer to perform computation and to organise the flow of control between mechanical devices.

EXAMPLES PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Hundreds of programming languages exist today. Each language has its own standard or rules for writing the commands and/or instructions.

Examples of programming languages are:

• BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
• Pascal
• C
• Smalltalk.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Define Program and Programming Language
• Level And Generation Of Programming Language
• Programming Language Approach
• Translator
• Basic Element In Programming : Constant And Variable
• Basic Element In Programming : Data Type
• Basic Element In Programming : Mathematical and Logical
• Basic Element In Programming : Sequence And Control
• Pseudo-code And Flowchart

Read More

IMMERSIVE MULTIMEDIA

The history of Immersive Multimedia began with the concept of Virtual Reality.

In the late 1960s, the desire of computer scientists and artists was to create, digitally-made ‘near-to-reality’ experiences through Interactive Multimedia. 

This became known as Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality, today, is a computer-created environment that a user can experience through the senses of sight, hearing and touch.

Immersive Multimedia is a combination of multimedia elements and interactivity in Virtual Reality.

 EXAMPLE OF IMMERSIVE MULTIMEDIA

Education

Medical students today can perform surgical operations on virtual patients.

This enhances learning as these students can freely practice doing many operations without any risks.

Business

Virtual tours give you a 360 degree view of physical space. These tours provide customers with a detailed viewing experience.

Customers can navigate through the environment as if they are taking a walk-through tour.

Come of these virtual tours even allow customers to add their own design.

Immersive Multimedia is very useful for property agents and hotels.

Entertainment

Video games like the Star Wars, Ages of Empire II, Worldwide Soccer Manager and The Sim2 brings its players to take on different roles and live in different environments and lifestyles.

Another popular application in entertainment is "Home for PlayStation3". "

Home for PlayStation3" is where the user becomes a resident in a 3D virtual world. This virtual world has its own population, social activities and virtual lands where the residents can own and live in.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Web Editor
• User Interface Principle
• Multimedia Production Team
• Multimedia Production Phases
• Immersive Multimedia 
  

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MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION PHASES

A multimedia program are developed by multimedia developers that must go through multimedia production phases. Multimedia developers have to plan a series of phases to produce multimedia application.

PHASES IN MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTION

There are six phases involved in the production of a multimedia project.

The six phases involved can be categorised into 3 main stages.

OVERVIEW OF THE PHASES

Analysis Phase

During the Analysis Phase, the multimedia developers interview the clients to find out their needs and write the Problem Statement and a Proposal.

Design Phase

Based on the needs of target users, the multimedia developer will design a Flow Chart and Storyboard. This phase is known as the Design Phase.

Implementation Phase

Once the Storyboard is confirmed, the multimedia developers will start Implementation Phase.

The Implementation Phase refers to the process of converting the design plan into a multimedia program. This is the phase where the multimedia program is produced.

Testing Phase

The multimedia developers will use a Checklist to test the multimedia program. If there are any errors, the programmer will fix the program.

Evaluation Phase

In the Evaluation Phase, selected users will use an Evaluation Form to try out the program and give feedback.

Publishing Phase

Finally, when the multimedia program is completed, it will be published to CD.

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 Others Lesson : | click lesson to view |

• Web Editor
• User Interface Principle
• Multimedia Production Team
• Multimedia Production Phases
• Immersive Multimedia 
  

Read More